| ᠥᠨᠥᠳᠦᠷ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠫᠷᠠᠽᠧᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠣᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ︽ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ︾ ᠢ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠴᠤ | ᠡᠯᠪᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠣᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ ᠂ ᠼᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ | ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ᠂ ᠠᠲ᠋ᠤᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ 60᠂ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ Nd᠂ 1885 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠸᠧᠳᠧᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ᠂ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠮᠪᠦᠷᠴᠡᠭ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠠ ᠡᠩ ᠤᠨ | ᠰᠤᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠲᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠲᠤᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠲᠡ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦ | ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠰᠢᠶᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠰᠢᠭ᠋ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠭᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠮᠰᠢᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠤᠷ | ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠭᠦᠠ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠲᠤ ᠣᠢᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠠᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠢᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠣᠳᠣᠨ | ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ ᠃ | ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ — ᠬᠤᠪᠣᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ | ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠯᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠣᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢ | ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ᠂ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠪᠤᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠂ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ | ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠲᠥ᠋ᠷᠥᠭᠴᠢᠲᠦ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ᠂ ᠰᠠᠮᠠᠷᠢ ᠺᠣᠪᠠᠯᠲ᠂ | ᠬᠥᠩᠭᠡᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠺᠧᠯ ᠺᠣᠪᠠᠯᠲ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ︽ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠸᠠᠩ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃ | ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠨᠲᠦ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠂ | ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦᠷᠬᠦᠦ ᠲᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠸᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠠ | ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠷᠣᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠠ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠤᠨ | ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ 20% — 30% ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠶ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠣᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ | ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠵᠠᠩᠭᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠣᠷ ᠴᠤᠬᠠᠭ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠲᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠵᠡᠶ᠃ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠰᠢ᠂ ᠡᠯᠡ | ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠡᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠠᠷᠪᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠷᠡᠰᠦᠲᠥ᠋ᠷᠥᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠰᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ᠂ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭ᠂ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠲᠤ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷ | ᠂ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦᠶᠢᠴᠡ ᠡᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠯᠡᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠡᠨᠧᠷᠭᠢ ᠠᠷᠪᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦᠶᠡ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ | ᠃ | ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠲᠤ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ | ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠪᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠣᠳᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠂ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ | ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡ᠂ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡ᠂ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷᠲᠦ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ | ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡ᠂ ᠲᠦᠯᠡᠰᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠨᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠡ᠂ ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ᠂ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠯ᠂ ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ | ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠯᠧᠺᠲᠷᠣᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠭᠦᠨ᠂ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ | ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠰᠺ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠨᠡ᠃ | ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ — ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠡᠳ᠋ | ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠠ ᠰᠣᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤᠷ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠶᠡᠷᠦ | ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠭᠤᠶᠤ᠂ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ | ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠨᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ ︔ ᠬᠦᠬᠦᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠰᠲᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ ︔ ᠠᠽᠣᠲ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠰᠲᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ 1927 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭ | ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠂ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ ᠯᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠰᠠᠯᠢᠸᠠ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ | ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠤᠳ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠯ᠂ ᠸᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠬᠢᠴᠡᠲᠡᠢ | ᠠᠷᠢᠬᠢᠨ ᠴᠣᠮᠣ᠂ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠂ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠᠩ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠪᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠮᠢᠴᠡ ᠰᠠᠯᠢᠸᠠ | ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ | ︵ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨᠠ︶ | ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠥᠩᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠮᠠᠭᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠬᠥᠩᠭᠡᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠤᠰᠢ ᠳᠤ 1.5 — 2.5% ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠤᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠰᠪᠦᠷᠢᠲᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠢᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ | ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨᠠ᠂ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠲᠷᠢ ᠬᠥᠩᠭᠡᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠭᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ | ᠯᠠᠶᠢᠰᠧᠷ ᠪᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ 10mm ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠢᠬᠢ ᠨᠢᠮᠭᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠭᠠᠩᠨᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠣᠷᠭᠤᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ | ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠡᠮᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠢᠲᠷᠢ ᠬᠥᠩᠭᠡᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠨᠠᠷ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠯᠠᠶᠢᠰᠧᠷ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠡᠰᠡ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠲᠤᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠰᠡ | ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠯ ᠰᠢᠷᠬᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠨᠡ᠃ | ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠣᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠳᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠠ | ᠤᠷᠳᠤᠳᠬᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ᠂ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠵᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠂ ᠥᠨᠥᠳᠥᠷ ᠨᠸᠣᠳᠢᠮ | ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠣᠷ ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠫᠷᠦᠮᠧᠲ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠶᠠ᠃ | |